adnmb(学唱歌入门技巧)

adnmb，学唱歌入门技巧？

初学者学好唱歌重在打好基本功，初学者只要把这些基本功打扎实了，那么就等于拿到了开启歌唱之门的金钥匙。

唱歌入门

学习唱歌先要学会唱歌的基本功，唱歌的基本功包括：唱歌的姿势、唱歌的呼吸、唱歌的共鸣、唱歌的发声、唱歌的真声假声、唱歌的吐字。

唱歌姿势

头部伸直，面部和颈部肌肉放松，下巴微收。挺直胸部，放松肩膀、手臂和手。肩膀向下和向后伸展，有助于胸部扩张。背部的脊椎骨始终要有向上、下两端延伸的感觉，即脊椎要立起来。双脚自然地分开，或前后站立，有一种向上的成就感。整个人都处于积极和放松的状态。

呼吸方式

歌唱呼吸是在自然呼吸的基础上进行的一种可控的呼吸运动，它的目的不仅是为了获得在大量空气中呼吸的能力，而且是为了以一种有意识的控制力量呼出空气，从而保证声音的流畅和统一。胸部和腹部呼吸从美声唱法中借用，在美声唱法中横膈膜和肋骨结合呼吸。

当吸入时，隔膜下降，肋骨扩展到周围，气体吸入丹田(就在肚脐下两指的位置)。它是根据生理机能的规律，帮助脊柱的两根支柱的伸展，更充分的吸气，和歌唱状态可以协调，得到全身的歌唱效果。需要快速吸气，外部动作小，动作平稳轻盈，不要吸入太深。

通俗的说，呼吸的时候采用的是腹式呼吸法，就是我们睡着的时候自然呼吸的方法。

我们可以先平躺在床上找找呼吸的感觉，把手放在腹部，吸气的时候嘴巴闭上，用鼻子呼吸，使劲吸入身体里面，直到感觉到腹部突起。

吐气的时候，肚子用力，顺势推出气体，可以感觉的腹部凹陷下去。

大家练习的时候可以尝试使用这个方法，非常简单，先躺着找找感觉。

共鸣方式

口腔共鸣

口腔自然地打开，面带微笑，下额自然放下，上腭有上提的感觉。这种共鸣效果明亮、靠前，易于和头腔取得联系，并可减少喉咽部的负担，进而起到保护声带的作用。(点在硬腭前部)

在唱中音区的时候，如果能合理的使用口腔共鸣，那么就可以让我们的音色听上去更加有质感，但没有做过声乐练习的朋友，腔体共鸣处于未开发的状态，很难找到共鸣的感觉，所以今天为大家分享一下练习口腔共鸣的一些技巧：

1、学习口腔共鸣的第一步，自然就是先彻底的打开口腔。我们可以先深吸一口气，然后非常自然的打一个哈欠，必须是自然的打哈欠，不能是刻意而为之。这个时候我们口腔的状态就是处于完全打开的状态，所以说唱歌的时候如果能保持打哈欠时的状态，就非常有利于我们唱歌的。

2、在我们打哈欠的时候可以发一个“啊”声，这个时候大家会感觉到自己的声音比较浑厚，而且不费嗓子，声音和平时也完全不一样，这就是因为我们口腔的容积变大了。声音在口腔内部折射而发生了共振，音色听上去就会有非常大的变化，听上去非常有质感。

口腔共鸣视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xm4y1Q7sp/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

头腔共鸣

在口腔共鸣的基础上，把声波在硬腭的集中反射点稍向后移动一些，软腭也随之上抬，让口、鼻、咽腔之间的通道和空间更宽些，犹如打哈欠或打喷嚏的准备动作，使声波能沿着上腭骨传送到鼻咽腔、鼻腔和头腔各窦处。这种共鸣效果清脆、丰满。但要注意防止气息直接从鼻腔里送出，造成鼻音。(点在硬腭后部，即软腭小舌头上)

一、注意口型，上腭一定是开的，嘴里像含个鸡蛋。声音出来的时候气往下走，是存到丹田里的。声音往上走，用气息把声音托出来。（好像声音顶着上颚，能感觉的气息在往上冲。）声音上气息下，整个就像一条线从头腔中出来，这样的声音走得稳且亮。口自然闭开、牙齿微微松开、气往鼻子后面的前硬腭猛冲，同时用真声发出这个“哼”字。方法同上，只是气从鼻腔往额头方向冲，这一步比较难，要花较长时间，眉心处可能才会有振动。

以下各步练习，方法如一。

二、气冲的位置往口腔移一下。

三、气冲的位置在口腔中间硬口盖部位。

四、气往口腔后斜上方冲。

五、气往后咽壁部位冲。

头腔共鸣视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Hz4y1Q7Xv/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

鼻腔共鸣

鼻腔共鸣是指将声音集中在人的鼻腔内，闭上嘴之后发出的一种声音，这样声音比较细，而且非常的明亮，随着重心后移声音就像美声的音色一样。有些歌手在唱歌时经常会使用到鼻腔共鸣的方法，比如说吴青峰鼻腔共鸣使用的就比较多。

鼻腔共鸣练习方法

鼻腔共鸣练习要多做“哼”的练习，多练习哼唱，打开喉咙，调整好气息。将声音分成两部分分别输送到口腔和鼻腔里面，这种哼唱的感觉是对的，这个时候鼻腔和头部会有一种隐隐的麻木感，这样带出的声音会更加顺畅。

鼻腔共鸣视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV19i4y1M7Rt/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

胸腔共鸣

胸腔共鸣指肺部及所在腔体的共鸣，歌唱发声时，上胸部放松，保持气息通畅。把上胸部当共鸣腔体来用。胸腔以吸气的感觉，松弛地扩张，而不要强制用力撑开。打开胸腔吸着唱，是获得良好胸腔共鸣的方法。要注意防止声音故意下压，咽喉肌肉紧张，造成喉音。

1.体会胸腔共鸣：微微张开嘴巴，放松喉头，闭合声门(声带)，象金鱼吐泡泡一样轻轻地发声，或低低的哼唱，体会胸腔的震动。

2.降低喉头的位置：(同上)；喉部放松。

3.打牙关：所谓打牙关，就是打开上下大牙齿(槽牙)。给口腔共鸣留出空间，用手去摸摸耳根前大牙的位置，看看是否打开了。然后发出一些元音，如“a”。感觉感觉自己声音的变化。

4.提颧肌：微笑着说话，嘴角微微向上翘，同时感觉鼻翼张开了。

5.挺软腭：打一个哈欠，顺便长啸一声。

胸腔共鸣练习方法：

1）喉头放松练习。微张开嘴巴,放松喉头,像金鱼吐泡泡一样轻轻地发声或低低的哼唱,体会胸腔的震动。

2）靠墙练习。靠墙可以接触你的后脊梁，让你更容易感觉到气息沿后背向前走的走向，并且胸腔的共鸣能和墙产生共振，让你更容易找到胸腔共鸣的感觉。

3）练习时想象自己的声音是竖立的、圆润饱满的。闭上嘴巴，发出“嗯”的音，有感情的将“嗯”拉长一点，会感觉头和胸前在震动。

4）选择带有浓厚胸声的母音练习。一般发欧、哞、嗨等母音，容易找到胸腔共鸣的感觉，发声时咽喉腔尽量找“半打哈欠”的感觉，让声音在气管和喉头周围自然振动后，通过气管后传至胸腔，产生良好的胸腔共鸣。在此过程中，气息要均匀地流动，柔和地冲击声带，切忌为寻找宽厚的共鸣声音而压着喉头唱，这样会出现喉音出现。

5）用较低的声音发ha音，声音不要过亮，这时的声音是浑厚的，感觉是从胸腔发声的，如感觉不明显可以逐渐降低音高，也可以用手轻按胸部，用a做练习音从高到低，从实声到虚声发长音，体会哪一段声音上胸腔震动强烈，然后在这一段声音做胸腔共鸣练习。

胸腔共鸣视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1s64y1t77n/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

发声方式

歌唱的发声是由呼吸、声带地振动、共鸣三个环节构成。当我们掌握了正确的呼吸方法使得声带科学地振动以及身体的共鸣腔体打开并协调配合的前提下，就形成了一个科学的歌唱发声方式。

正确的发声要与正确的咬字、吐字相结合。通过字、声结合的练习来提高唇、齿、舌的灵活运动能力，使之更完美而生动地表现歌曲和情感和内容。

真声

如果唱歌的时候声带全部振动,就是在用真声在唱歌，真声的音色明亮、饱满。其发声状态为：发声时声带拉紧，明显感觉到声带整体振动。

真声发出的声音刚劲有力、明亮结实，与人平时讲话的音质比较接近。

假声

假声的音色带有特殊矫揉造作的声音。其发声状态为：发声时声带振动相对放松、声带张力不强，中低声区的声音不够结实。如果高音用纯假声，就会使得音色单调、失去“个性”、无表现力。

假声发声方法：

要唱假音，首先张开口，注意要上下张开，不是左右。

提手指放在耳朵前面，如开口正确，牙关会打开，舌头放平，舌尖掂住下要的牙。再配合肚子收缩吐气，用力把气推出，就会好容易唱到高音。

小技巧：学猫叫“喵~~”

“喵~~”模仿猫叫会不自觉用上假声。有别于讲话的发声，被动获得头腔共鸣。非常简单，只要发出喵，就能获得共鸣，同时轻松的发出假声的音量。

真声视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Uy4y1a7YN/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

假声视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1FV4y1M74U/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

发声练习方法

练习发声时需要用到各种共鸣方式，这样发出来的声音会比较有穿透力，也会更好听。

练习的时候需要采用腹式呼吸法，这样气息才会比较浑厚。

1、可以学习狗喘气，学习猫叫“喵”，还可以模仿其他动物的声音或者是汽车鸣笛音。

2、可以对着地面唱歌，把脸冲着地面，这样可以练习腹部发声。

3、口中发出“啊···”用手拍打嘴唇，练习打嘴唇，使嘴唇颤动，打完嘴唇会麻的。

4、感受共鸣音，可以发单音节音，练习“哼~”、“恩~”、“呜~”这种声音。

气息练习

在练习前需要确保鼻腔的洁净，这样便于发声。

1、练习气息的时候要紧闭嘴巴，用鼻子吸气，使气体深入到腹部，吸气过程中不能高抬肩膀。

2、不使用鼻子吸气，用嘴呼吸，如果发出呼噜声，就是用对了方法。

3、鼻子和嘴巴同时吸气，发声前先吸一口气，发出“呜~”，感觉声音是从肚子发出的。

4、如果感到气息不足，可以适当锻炼肺活量，比如说跑步、游泳。

小技巧：发声的时候用手按压腹部，发声的同时感受腹部发力，向内收缩，这样更容易找到感觉。

保持气息的简单办法：

第一步，控制气息的流量，其实每个人都会控制流量，比如说，我让你随便吹一口气，然后再让你小一点吹一口，你不用想，直接就做到了对么？我们首先要保证吸气放松自然，气息到横膈膜然后保持住（前面说的基础内容），继续做一个小一点的吹气，10-20秒内都可以，尽量稳定一些。

应用：当我们可以维持10-20秒后，尝试放松吸气，保持横膈然后用同样小一些的气量进行演唱，你会发现原本不好唱的部分变得简单了一些。这只是一个开端。

第二步，气带声方法，当你做完了第一步，你至少可以用小气量吹10-20秒的气了，这个时候我们该加入声带了。如何加入声带呢？我们继续放松吸气，保持横膈，然后小气量吹气，吹气两秒后，我们开始用小音量发一个WU。

发声练习、唱歌气息练习、唱歌正确发音视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dx411y7o9/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

发声练习曲

气息练习和发声练习是可以相结合起来的，因此我们可以练习一些专门的曲子，来进行发声练习。

单音节发声：

简单的歌曲：

吐字方式

歌唱对于吐字的要求是做到字正腔圆、吐字清晰、发音准确。要掌握好这些，首先要学好普通话的发音，从普通话开始好好练习。我们在咬字的过程中也不要咬的过于死板，要使得声音线条具有连贯性，中国的语言是由声母和韵母组成，子音和母音的发声部位是不同的，子音的发声位置大多在口腔前半部分，母音的发声位置大多在口腔后半部分，在吐字的过程中要保持在各个声区发声位置的一致性，就需要保持任何母音形成部位的一致性，根据咬字的需要积极灵活地调整，把母音转换时夹在期间的子音所形成的断裂减少到最低限度，这样才能使声音达到连贯动听的效果。

练习吐字的技巧：

1、读“啊”字

从低音开始发，音调一阶阶往上升，一直到自己发音的极限，再一阶阶往下落，直到最低音。用不同的字做发音练习，比如“嘿、哈、呵”等等。

2、练习字母发音

回归小学时代，去学习思考一下字母的发音，“a”要怎么读，嘴型什么样，从嘴里哪个部位发音，应该重读还是轻读，“b”呢、“c”呢？很多时候我们觉得说话模糊不清，一部分原因就是因为字母的发音抓的不标准，不妨花点时间思考练习一下，一定会大有进步。

3、速读 选一篇文章速读，不要求对其中的标点和情感加以关注和修饰，以最快的速度读完，但每个字必须读的清楚。过程中准备一个录音，读完后听一下哪些字词发音比较模糊，下一次练习中加以注意。

4、“嚼”石子

找一颗干净光滑的石头，朗读时含在嘴巴里，尽自己最大努力把字说清楚，在练习时吐字会很别扭，舌头也容易累，没关系，坚持一段时间，你会发现自己的吐字渐渐变得清晰起来。

5、模仿

可以去网上找一些专业的朗读音频，或跟着电视、广播中的主持人进行模仿。一定要选那些发音正确，吐字清晰的导播，学习他们的发音，吐字，词句间的停顿，情感的抒发...久而久之，自己的说话也会大有进步。

6、正音练习

所谓正音练习，就是根据普通话的读音标准，校正自己的地方音和习惯音。正音练习包括很多内容，主要有：平舌音和翘舌音练习，鼻音和边音练习，送气音和不送气音练习，前鼻音和后鼻音练习，等等。下面着重介绍一下其中平舌音和翘舌音练习。因为不少人，尤其是南方人，在平舌音和翘舌音的区分和发音方面，常常弄不清楚，发音不准。问题主要出在z、zh不分，c、ch不分，s、sh不分。

7、绕口令练习

选择一些绕口令，分清平翘舌音，由慢到快反复练习。

音准

唱歌的时候音准是比较重要的，找音准可以通过练声、练耳的方式做到这一点。唱歌前开嗓，声音打开后，再唱。

开嗓：

唱歌前需要开嗓，我们可以进行一些简单的发声练习。

可以学狗喘气，学习猫叫“喵喵~”，还可以单音节练习，发出“哼~”、“啊~”的声音。

然后再练习一些简单的歌曲，比如两只老虎。

进行音准训练：

1、多听音乐。音乐是听觉艺术，听音乐是进行音准训练的重要途径，其效果有时比练唱好。

2、多练习唱歌。在多听音乐的基础上，还要多练习唱歌，这样听唱结合，效果会更好。

练习的时候注意以下几点：

1、可以找个固定音高的乐器，然后从单音节开始练习，比如唱“啊~”，然后再唱“啊~”的不同音阶，从低唱到高。

2、首先要慢唱，一个个摸音准。

3、可以经常唱给音准好的亲朋好友听，唱大家都熟悉的歌曲比如茉莉花，这样有没有跑调都能听出来。

唱歌音准视频课程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV15X4y1L7uk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

节奏

节奏由节拍组成的，我们需要先了解节拍。

节拍是衡量节奏的单位，在音乐中，有一定强弱分别的一系列拍子在每隔一定时间重复出现。如 2 / 4（四二拍） 、 4 / 4（四四拍） 、 3 / 4（四三拍） 拍等。

单独一个音符不带任何东西的弹一拍，两个音符在一起下边有一条线的话，那么这两个音符弹一拍，一个就是半拍，四个音符在一起下边有两条线的话，那么这四个音符弹一拍，一个就是四分之一拍。

如果音符右边带一个点，后边还有一个音，并且这两个音下边有一条线的话，那么带点的音弹四分之三拍，后边的音弹四分之一拍；如果音符右侧有一个点，下边没有线的话那就弹一拍半，它后边的音弹半拍。

数字后面的横线一条代表这此音延长一拍，下面的横线一条表示此音在一拍的基础上缩小1/2拍。

数字上面的弧线，那个是表示连音，即在弧线下方的所有音符都要连起来弹，不可以断开。

上面是两只老虎简谱，其中红框的节拍，表明弹奏歌曲的节奏，即每一小节为四拍。绿框表示sol的因为长摁两拍。黄框表示一个节拍同时摁两个音，即和弦。

注意听伴奏

如果伴奏节奏性不明显的，就在心里数拍子，或用手脚打拍子。如果伴奏节奏性明显的，一般流行歌曲都很明显，就听重音，就是鼓点。

快歌一般是 重轻 慢歌一般是 轻重(重就是咚咚咚的鼓点声)

不看字幕

很多人跟伴奏时都有个很不好的习惯，不是听伴奏而是看字幕。这样只能使乐感越来越差，何况看到字幕走你再张嘴本身就已经晚了。所以我们唱歌时要先记住歌词，演唱时就不看字母，跟着伴奏寻找感觉。

边唱边打拍子

熟练后再跟伴奏唱，注意唱时一定要匀速，如果发现慢了就唱快点在后面赶上，唱快了就慢些等到该唱的地方在唱，千万不能就一直快着或慢着下去，那会很难听的。

唱的过程中如果听不懂各种乐器混合的伴奏，有个小窍门就是注意听鼓，也就是所谓的跟着鼓点唱。很多人把强弱拍弄反了，低音的大鼓往往在强拍上，而高音的军鼓往往在次强拍或弱拍上，要注意区分。还有个窍门就是先别急着自己唱，先开着原唱进行跟唱，这样会事半功倍。

唱歌节奏视频课程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1YA411x7jG/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

唱歌技巧

1、唱歌时要嘴巴张大，随便唱一个音，摸摸耳朵前面跟腮帮子接触的那块，有没有一个小小的凹陷的地方（牙关那儿），如果能按下去，摸到凹陷，那就说明你真正张开嘴了。保持唱每个音的时候这个位置都是凹陷的，会发现用气容易了。

2、要把笑肌提起来，也就是所谓的苹果肌那儿（鼻子两侧那块，微笑时候会上去的肌肉），稍微带点笑意（只是为了笑肌提起），也有助于发音。

3、唱高音时，两颧骨要更积极开放，整个歌唱状态要更加积极向上，兴奋。随着音高向上，下颌需要松弛地向下，向两侧向后拉；小舌头提起如打哈欠似地吸住气，使喉咙更加打开，喉头不可随音高往上移动，而是相反，逐步下降，保持在吸气的状态，当然这个状态必须有气息的支持。

4、平稳地“下低音”，必须要一边感受上下颚的震动，一边慢慢地一个音程一个音程地往下唱。而且 “下低音”的时候一直得维持气息。将手放在胸前，然后平稳的发出“嗯——”音，感受到震动了么，带着这种感觉就可以唱低音了。

5、平时多练习肺活量，可以通过跑步、游泳等运动练习。

6、嗓子要通透，不能有痰，所以唱歌前要清嗓子。高音可以仰身或是仰头来辅助发声，低音就可以弯腰或是俯身来唱。

唱歌发声技巧

1、要防止用过多和过猛的气息去冲击声带，这样会使得声音难听并且对声带会造成损伤。

2、要防止声带过于松垮，我们要积极用声带靠拢挡气。这样才会避免产生漏气而发出虚声。

3、不要去挤压喉头，要将喉头自然放下，上颚提起，下巴放松。这样才能很好的打开喉咙。

唱歌发声技巧教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1eL411K7vj/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

学习资料

教材推荐

没有学过乐理知识，想要自学唱歌，就需要购买一些教材，然后跟着教材系统的学习唱歌。

《音乐理论基础》书中重点介绍了五线谱的乐理知识，全书共分十五章，包括音律、记谱法、调式、音程、和弦、节奏、节拍、音乐的速度与力量、转调、移调、装饰音和旋律的知识。同时还有简谱及工尺简介，常用音乐术语等。内容丰富，简明。适合广大专业和业余音乐工作者学习，参考。

《流行演唱法》是 2010年5月1日湖南文艺出版社出版的一本图书。作者是尤静波。该书主要叙述了作者对于歌唱的发音风格、细节处理等方面的知识总结。

《当代流行歌手声乐技能训练》这部教材将知识以及知识的分析讲解淋漓尽致，而且对举例的相关讲解也也是通俗易懂，是一部非常值得学习的教材。本书主要介绍当代歌曲风格的训练，包括歌唱准备、歌唱呼吸、四P原则、颤音、歌唱区与真实歌唱、声音保健、试听等相关知识点。

网络课程

中音大佬196小时讲完的唱歌教程

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV11S4y147nX/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

唱歌入门基础教程

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ba411u7tC/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者学好唱歌重在打好基本功，初学者只要把这些基本功打扎实了，那么就等于拿到了开启歌唱之门的金钥匙。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8kcduqO0oqcsuxohMqclMQ8nid"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌入门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSC6dAOcqoCWg2xqcuicyV1engc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习唱歌先要学会唱歌的基本功，唱歌的基本功包括：唱歌的姿势、唱歌的呼吸、唱歌的共鸣、唱歌的发声、唱歌的真声假声、唱歌的吐字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIyudM6Y6ogkO6xcB1gcju8nnKe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FE4SdUKSgog26MxYH9kcyTXvnBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"头部伸直，面部和颈部肌肉放松，下巴微收。挺直胸部，放松肩膀、手臂和手。肩膀向下和向后伸展，有助于胸部扩张。背部的脊椎骨始终要有向上、下两端延伸的感觉，即脊椎要立起来。双脚自然地分开，或前后站立，有一种向上的成就感。整个人都处于积极和放松的状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UwIIdcGUgoockux850kcCyVYn9C"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":519,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌姿势","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6289662e25894509b58edcebc7bcbc55","width":689},"text":"","id":"Xs2WdsCQEooseSxG6JccJgTrn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"呼吸方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FSQwdAGEUoYAsSxEz9KcfWKtnSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"歌唱呼吸是在自然呼吸的基础上进行的一种可控的呼吸运动，它的目的不仅是为了获得在大量空气中呼吸的能力，而且是为了以一种有意识的控制力量呼出空气，从而保证声音的流畅和统一。胸部和腹部呼吸从美声唱法中借用，在美声唱法中横膈膜和肋骨结合呼吸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CquCd0oq8ooyASx2zF4ch10mnKh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":366,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"呼吸方式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fa5dc9228bad4d1d88f709b14e511ad4","width":467},"text":"","id":"Ng64dik0yocsWmx0UCActfnqn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当吸入时，隔膜下降，肋骨扩展到周围，气体吸入丹田(就","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"肚脐下两指的位置)。它是根据生理机能的规律，帮助脊柱的两根支柱的伸展，更充分的吸气，和歌唱状态可以协调，得到全身的歌唱效果。需要快速吸气，外部动作小，动作平稳轻盈，不要吸入太深。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZkUGdSOuyooCG4xgzpecTLjgnQc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":357,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"呼吸方式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/82e5b3c97a454734ad55e2fff0b32e16","width":655},"text":"","id":"RU0Ed48aWo6aMCxC07ScRnMCnPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通俗的说，呼吸的时候采用的是腹式呼吸法，就是我们睡着的时候自然呼吸的方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DA0mdgK4YoSMGQxuetTcwDaanRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们可以先平躺在床上找找呼吸的感觉，把手放在腹部，吸气的时候嘴巴闭上，用鼻子呼吸，使劲吸入身体里面，直到感觉到腹部突起。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R0yCdIG0ioAcGEx8Xf4cya5qnqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吐气的时候，肚子用力，顺势推出气体，可以感觉的腹部凹陷下去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WoSgdaK8IoAgMCxMrlIc5JbIn0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大家练习的时候可以尝试使用这个方法，非常简单，先躺着找找感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fe4OdU0AmoE8AUxETTEcD9vwngb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FMuqdKIGYoIWaKxaKRkcqWXqnXb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"口腔共鸣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NIcUdEYkAoiO8exoA0jca063nOV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"口腔自然地打开，面带微笑，下额自然放下，上腭有上提的感觉。这种共鸣效果明亮、靠前，易于和头腔取得联系，并可减少喉咽部的负担，进而起到保护声带的作用。(点在硬腭前部)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIksd0CEOo2sWWxcnqGcdsRlngb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在唱中音区的时候，如果能合理的使用口腔共鸣，那么就可以让我们的音色听上去更加有质感，但没有做过声乐练习的朋友，腔体共鸣处于未开发的状态，很难找到共鸣的感觉，所以今天为大家分享一下练习口腔共鸣的一些技巧：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZASQdWeGqosqauxwTVUcuKXante"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学习口腔共鸣的第一步，自然就是先彻底的打开口腔。我们可以先深吸一口气，然后非常自然的打一个哈欠，必须是自然的打哈欠，不能是刻意而为之。这个时候我们口腔的状态就是处于完全打开的状态，所以说唱歌的时候如果能保持打哈欠时的状态，就非常有利于我们唱歌的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WWEedccG0oSqYSx0e9ScJDqpnKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在我们打哈欠的时候可以发一个“啊”声，这个时候大家会感觉到自己的声音比较浑厚，而且不费嗓子，声音和平时也完全不一样，这就是因为我们口腔的容积变大了。声音在口腔内部折射而发生了共振，音色听上去就会有非常大的变化，听上去非常有质感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QYQadmGOeoWOYGxK8tncKO3onSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":453,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"口腔共鸣","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1dff169f2dbc4866a3325d11595617d7","width":657},"text":"","id":"AKWsdOMc4o88uCxETfpcdYd1n6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"口腔共鸣视频教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xm4y1Q7sp/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xm4y1Q7sp/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIUUdaiy8o0yMsxgsCLcURpYnnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"头腔共鸣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NISCdgmwio6ESkxYbSJc8hN0ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在口腔共鸣的基础上，把声波在硬腭的集中反射点稍向后移动一些，软腭也随之上抬，让口、鼻、咽腔之间的通道和空间更宽些，犹如打哈欠或打喷嚏的准备动作，使声波能沿着上腭骨传送到鼻咽腔、鼻腔和头腔各窦处。这种共鸣效果清脆、丰满。但要注意防止气息直接从鼻腔里送出，造成鼻音。(点在硬腭后部，即软腭小舌头上)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UsIqdyUWAoYG6Ax2ec9cmvmpnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、注意口型，上腭一定是开的，嘴里像含个鸡蛋。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"声音出来的时候气往下走，是存到丹田里的。声音往上走，用气息把声音托出来。（好像声音顶着上颚，能感觉的气息在往上冲。）声音上气息下，整个就像一条线从头腔中出来，这样的声音走得稳且亮。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"口自然闭开、牙齿微微松开、气往鼻子后面的前硬腭猛冲，同时用真声发出这个“哼”字。方法同上，只是气从鼻腔往额头方向冲，这一步比较难，要花较长时间，眉心处可能才会有振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vo2cdc6qEoiQsQxYj2kcTEpInTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以下各步练习，方法如一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PmsodIyOko0mqmxszmuctTqtnTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、气冲的位置往口腔移一下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeEod2KiqoIW4uxIdlQcnIovnVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、气冲的位置在口腔中间硬口盖部位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0KKd4kIEo6euqxS8VfcIT3inxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、气往口腔后斜上方冲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CE2AdC8eEoUi0sxoN6yc8csKnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、气往后咽壁部位冲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PuYSdaUcYoE4yWx8j3xcF1w2nNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"头腔共鸣","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b3c3b70f86d8467a9f0ab9fd19b01537","width":679},"text":"","id":"HwaKdmEKaoek8gxeMkucsorqnie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"头腔共鸣视频教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Hz4y1Q7Xv/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Hz4y1Q7Xv/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JqSwdICCco2wgaxus4mcVxaSnXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻腔共鸣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XsAEdIa86oqKq2x2TAzcO2EonVA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻腔共鸣是指将声音集中在人的鼻腔内，闭上嘴之后发出的一种声音，这样声音比较细，而且非常的明亮，随着重心后移声音就像美声的音色一样。有些歌手在唱歌时经常会使用到鼻腔共鸣的方法，比如说吴青峰鼻腔共鸣使用的就比较多。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwGodeKi8osqgWxKa7VcgD30npe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻腔共鸣练习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgoCd8eEYos0OaxEBQacpWNqnTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻腔共鸣练习要多做“哼”的练习，多练习哼唱，打开喉咙，调整好气息。将声音分成两部分分别输送到口腔和鼻腔里面，这种哼唱的感觉是对的，这个时候鼻腔和头部会有一种隐隐的麻木感，这样带出的声音会更加顺畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OgUudiiiEoSMuYxYV7Zch39dned"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻腔共鸣视频教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV19i4y1M7Rt/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV19i4y1M7Rt/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qywsd0os0ommESxQ9a5cB4oZnPb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胸腔共鸣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QuUUdiu8WoqW8mxY3LAcgVy6n5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胸腔共鸣指肺部及所在腔体的共鸣，歌唱发声时，上胸部放松，保持气息通畅。把上胸部当共鸣腔体来用。胸腔以吸气的感觉，松弛地扩张，而不要强制用力撑开。打开胸腔吸着唱，是获得良好胸腔共鸣的方法。要注意防止声音故意下压，咽喉肌肉紧张，造成喉音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUaIdY6wco0G62xg7X7cGi9cnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.体会胸腔共鸣：微微张开嘴巴，放松喉头，闭合声门(声带)，象金鱼吐泡泡一样轻轻地发声，或低低的哼唱，体会胸腔的震动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XGuKdwMUKoc84CxmkM8cI6Rmnnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.降低喉头的位置：(同上)；喉部放松。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W0ssdqw4eokyUIxOqu9cSWWFnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.打牙关：所谓打牙关，就是打开上下大牙齿(槽牙)。给口腔共鸣留出空间，用手去摸摸耳根前大牙的位置，看看是否打开了。然后发出一些元音，如“a”。感觉感觉自己声音的变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZEMkd0UECogSWCxkDcNcrllxnsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.提颧肌：微笑着说话，嘴角微微向上翘，同时感觉鼻翼张开了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GeOgdqcaCo2uUKxkEE0cZchqnfA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5.挺软腭：打一个哈欠，顺便长啸一声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HGeKdWCM2owgCExS6KTcZ5cAnld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胸腔共鸣练习方法：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eai4dwGaqoKC8IxyasycTChNndd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1）喉头放松练习。微张开嘴巴,放松喉头,像金鱼吐泡泡一样轻轻地发声或低低的哼唱,体会胸腔的震动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Da2Cdo4K8oUAA0xisipcNbgRnFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2）靠墙练习。靠墙可以接触你的后脊梁，让你更容易感觉到气息沿后背向前走的走向，并且胸腔的共鸣能和墙产生共振，让你更容易找到胸腔共鸣的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NySkdqe6EoAawGxyKWwcJwHNnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3）练习时想象自己的声音是竖立的、圆润饱满的。闭上嘴巴，发出“嗯”的音，有感情的将“嗯”拉长一点，会感觉头和胸前在震动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OEakd6IeEoqywyxGoctcCBGfng8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4）选择带有浓厚胸声的母音练习。一般发欧、哞、嗨等母音，容易找到胸腔共鸣的感觉，发声时咽喉腔尽量找“半打哈欠”的感觉，让声音在气管和喉头周围自然振动后，通过气管后传至胸腔，产生良好的胸腔共鸣。在此过程中，气息要均匀地流动，柔和地冲击声带，切忌为寻找宽厚的共鸣声音而压着喉头唱，这样会出现喉音出现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWmMdac6So2oi6xIJLycroednPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5）用较低的声音发ha音，声音不要过亮，这时的声音是浑厚的，感觉是从胸腔发声的，如感觉不明显可以逐渐降低音高，也可以用手轻按胸部，用a做练习音从高到低，从实声到虚声发长音，体会哪一段声音上胸腔震动强烈，然后在这一段声音做胸腔共鸣练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EMOWd2YgwoSIWuxW6Jaco7munhf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":727,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胸腔共鸣","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce5181c0116f4d859ebdc77ad55089b6","width":556},"text":"","id":"G62EdOWusoMi0ExcpJucGxqjntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胸腔共鸣视频教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1s64y1t77n/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1s64y1t77n/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HsyOdWiEmoYgGUxoBEDcZtoHnB3"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIkwdS6QaoYaqsx6ZtBcM4t2n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"歌唱的发声是由呼吸、声带地振动、共鸣三个环节构成。当我们掌握了正确的呼吸方法使得声带科学地振动以及身体的共鸣腔体打开并协调配合的前提下，就形成了一个科学的歌唱发声方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYwMdsc8uoU2Icxq2BmcZWjVn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的发声要与正确的咬字、吐字相结合。通过字、声结合的练习来提高唇、齿、舌的灵活运动能力，使之更完美而生动地表现歌曲和情感和内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KCYqd884Ooe2yOxEvWIcfrirnpc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"真声","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReokdyKM6o0oayxCWDIcR47Mnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果唱歌的时候声带全部振动,就是在用真声在唱歌，真声的音色明亮、饱满。其发声状态为：发声时声带拉紧，明显感觉到声带整体振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4UAdI6CGo0S2cxP0ymcKvOonlR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"真声发出的声音刚劲有力、明亮结实，与人平时讲话的音质比较接近。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vq2edoOOsoKsWGx6VBlcowLln96"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"假声","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiuIdoyQ2oOAKcxioBDcxu3vnQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"假声的音色带有特殊矫揉造作的声音。其发声状态为：发声时声带振动相对放松、声带张力不强，中低声区的声音不够结实。如果高音用纯假声，就会使得音色单调、失去“个性”、无表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DICSdsWk6ooAO4xKSfgcBeBKnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"假声发声方法：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKo4dkKMiooksCxwfBzc8N4Wnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要唱假音，首先张开口，注意要上下张开，不是左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQYIdCECUoQ8yExjneMckQRynBV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提手指放在耳朵前面，如开口正确，牙关会打开，舌头放平，舌尖掂住下要的牙。再配合肚子收缩吐气，用力把气推出，就会好容易唱到高音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GS0qd4AGeouOOMxSU1ic5wUungb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小技巧：学猫叫“喵~~”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FkcQdOqOooMUyaxasBVctwGdnnn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“喵~~”模仿猫叫会不自觉用上假声。有别于讲话的发声，被动获得头腔共鸣。非常简单，只要发出喵，就能获得共鸣，同时轻松的发出假声的音量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIagdyEgKo0g2cxufwscJlYqnmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"真声视频教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Uy4y1a7YN/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Uy4y1a7YN/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiCwdkEUEoE0smxIxDtcNMYInMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"假声视频教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1FV4y1M74U/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1FV4y1M74U/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YSw2dYW00osEaexe6nicGkUynPb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8kWdMS42oiYssxuwmsc0lFDnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习发声时需要用到各种共鸣方式，这样发出来的声音会比较有穿透力，也会更好听。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BM8Od8yuKoUQiGx4SmGc8uR8nwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习的时候需要采用腹式呼吸法，这样气息才会比较浑厚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIyqdwAEuou0IqxMnzhcRJ9KnJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、可以学习狗喘气，学习猫叫“喵”，还可以模仿其他动物的声音或者是汽车鸣笛音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LUKAdMwGoo0IQ0xIn0mcMUQsnQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、可以对着地面唱歌，把脸冲着地面，这样可以练习腹部发声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZieAdAeeyoswkGxh9drcoYHTnLO"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、口中发出“啊···”用手拍打嘴唇，练习打嘴唇，使嘴唇颤动，打完嘴唇会麻的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8a4dSikGo0WEcxKYwfc1D4Yn1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、感受共鸣音，可以发单音节音，练习“哼~”、“恩~”、“呜~”这种声音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI8gdA2oYoQOQuxoDt7cINmYnRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":488,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7eda09376af4b1d87615aa797981292","width":1102},"text":"","id":"D2UYdgy8go4UuQxUx4Ncphr4n3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4AadIE2SoW2oCx6VHAcCq7An4d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeCsdy0YyoeMauxYRx3cDAEKnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在练习前需要确保鼻腔的洁净，这样便于发声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ha02d0YUUoc4IOxqKEucnDThnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、练习气息的时候要紧闭嘴巴，用鼻子吸气，使气体深入到腹部，吸气过程中不能高抬肩膀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B8ecd2Yu8oIMUuxeoOWc06nZnmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、不使用鼻子吸气，用嘴呼吸，如果发出呼噜声，就是用对了方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8GIdkm4IoyiyMxO4C1cLpCxndg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、鼻子和嘴巴同时吸气，发声前先吸一口气，发出“呜~”，感觉声音是从肚子发出的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AAKCdGAmAo4wSqxSyTNc1kUgnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、如果感到气息不足，可以适当锻炼肺活量，比如说跑步、游泳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GmQmdyUYCoKyuExyG6cce23An6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小技巧：发声的时候用手按压腹部，发声的同时感受腹部发力，向内收缩，这样更容易找到感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWEQdks82okucKxSMu2czsgHnAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JO6EdmAeoowAk8x0wODcaJimnuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"保持气息的简单办法：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GwGMdeuqEoWSYcx2pomchsPKnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步，控制气息的流量，其实每个人都会控制流量，比如说，我让你随便吹一口气，然后再让你小一点吹一口，你不用想，直接就做到了对么？我们首先要保证吸气放松自然，气息到横膈膜然后保持住（前面说的基础内容），继续做一个小一点的吹气，10-20秒内都可以，尽量稳定一些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ICAAdSOuwom4kwxWsRrcIPRwnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 应用：当我们可以维持10-20秒后，尝试放松吸气，保持横膈然后用同样小一些的气量进行演唱，你会发现原本不好唱的部分变得简单了一些。这只是一个开端。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B4CMdaQeUo0MIAxSu51c3aGMnae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 第二步，气带声方法，当你做完了第一步，你至少可以用小气量吹10-20秒的气了，这个时候我们该加入声带了。如何加入声带呢？我们继续放松吸气，保持横膈，然后小气量吹气，吹气两秒后，我们开始用小音量发一个WU。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqSydaMc4oC0Ugxe6GwcW0Conhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习、唱歌气息练习、唱歌正确发音视频教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dx411y7o9/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dx411y7o9/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Va0Yd6omio4W6kxiOrncx5PHn7b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习曲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wg2odo4Auom8wox6CpBcURL4nrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息练习和发声练习是可以相结合起来的，因此我们可以练习一些专门的曲子，来进行发声练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VM4Ed6uWqoAE2Qxqe46cOfhunde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单音节发声：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmGgdYOwIow2YexcbymciMF7nWd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":486,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习曲","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c5ca1b319a34d2a987a53c32c77e139","width":900},"text":"","id":"K8YYdwugko62ccxKQOOc5vifnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简单的歌曲：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qi2KdWiWCoiGw4xmi7NcnNmKnie"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":441,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习曲","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d3f469d3e844407b83bfc96c08c2ae9a","width":890},"text":"","id":"X2eYdIqokooQI2xyqkScGSrSnsh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":747,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习曲","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/75ba809f70a2411fb30f8fd69ef67032","width":991},"text":"","id":"Ea8edYoEOoygWgxP5rRc6JnFnJY"}],"text":"","id":"Jq6eduIcWoqyuSxGE9WcELXPnzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"吐字方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jq6eduIcWoqyuSxGE9WcELXPnzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"歌唱对于吐字的要求是做到字正腔圆、吐字清晰、发音准确。要掌握好这些，首先要学好普通话的发音，从普通话开始好好练习。我们在咬字的过程中也不要咬的过于死板，要使得声音线条具有连贯性，中国的语言是由声母和韵母组成，子音和母音的发声部位是不同的，子音的发声位置大多在口腔前半部分，母音的发声位置大多在口腔后半部分，在吐字的过程中要保持在各个声区发声位置的一致性，就需要保持任何母音形成部位的一致性，根据咬字的需要积极灵活地调整，把母音转换时夹在期间的子音所形成的断裂减少到最低限度，这样才能使声音达到连贯动听的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZoOgdMIOCoiSeexUrltcUqeLnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习吐字的技巧：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8WSd4cWOoquWExYlDYcXvBMnNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、读“啊”字","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CGy2deSIeoSWg4xyYF0cf0blnHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从低音开始发，音调一阶阶往上升，一直到自己发音的极限，再一阶阶往下落，直到最低音。用不同的字做发音练习，比如“嘿、哈、呵”等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E448dUweyowKQ4xYBw3cGiXnnVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、练习字母发音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IMW4dGiGOooK0qxETHBcQShBnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"回归小学时代，去学习思考一下字母的发音，“a”要怎么读，嘴型什么样，从嘴里哪个部位发音，应该重读还是轻读，“b”呢、“c”呢？很多时候我们觉得说话模糊不清，一部分原因就是因为字母的发音抓的不标准，不妨花点时间思考练习一下，一定会大有进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SM6GdIOmooY2aQxMzNGcAGLCn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、速读 \\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"选一篇文章速读，不要求对其中的标点和情感加以关注和修饰，以最快的速度读完，但每个字必须读的清楚。过程中准备一个录音，读完后听一下哪些字词发音比较模糊，下一次练习中加以注意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NEQGdgcokoi2CSxmIgJcpZEnnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、“嚼”石子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSawdGckYo0KySxQkuEcM22qnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"找一颗干净光滑的石头，朗读时含在嘴巴里，尽自己最大努力把字说清楚，在练习时吐字会很别扭，舌头也容易累，没关系，坚持一段时间，你会发现自己的吐字渐渐变得清晰起来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KcE4dYQwSoGEgGx6vaIc5qnmnZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、模仿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cy2cdMgmOoSSmgxsTh2cQph0nbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以去网上找一些专业的朗读音频，或跟着电视、广播中的主持人进行模仿。一定要选那些发音正确，吐字清晰的导播，学习他们的发音，吐字，词句间的停顿，情感的抒发...久而久之，自己的说话也会大有进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H6yQdaCy2oU2iqxKgW5cW2dnn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、正音练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIQwdau8OoAwYqxqQT9cATW3n8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓正音练习，就是根据普通话的读音标准，校正自己的地方音和习惯音。正音练习包括很多内容，主要有：平舌音和翘舌音练习，鼻音和边音练习，送气音和不送气音练习，前鼻音和后鼻音练习，等等。下面着重介绍一下其中平舌音和翘舌音练习。因为不少人，尤其是南方人，在平舌音和翘舌音的区分和发音方面，常常弄不清楚，发音不准。问题主要出在z、zh不分，c、ch不分，s、sh不分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ASC6dEsQYoOQAOxqGpZcOEQ2nPI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、绕口令练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XsmAdgeE8oCgyWxiQvmcFYrsnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择一些绕口令，分清平翘舌音，由慢到快反复练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SaeadkOS4oCcAcxzsRCcAxrSnx0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dm00dckmUoC66yxSgTZc5Kb3nrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌的时候音准是比较重要的，找音准可以通过练声、练耳的方式做到这一点。唱歌前开嗓，声音打开后，再唱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KEeEdwwqUocQyIxEZEKciJldnGd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开嗓：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8Uid8OWWo20QKxg5XFcvlFInKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌前需要开嗓，我们可以进行一些简单的发声练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qm8YdKC80oCmYMxWoTBcMXjFnAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以学狗喘气，学习猫叫“喵喵~”，还可以单音节练习，发出“哼~”、“啊~”的声音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RKcKdQMmAoueKQxQcKWcCoFOneb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后再练习一些简单的歌曲，比如两只老虎。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C2smd86qooACOUx2lYpcaqhGnLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进行音准训练：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DwSkdqmSyoiyugxOe8CcbJK5n6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、多听音乐。音乐是听觉艺术，听音乐是进行音准训练的重要途径，其效果有时比练唱好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YqYCdyGWWoMq2YxYt30cxyhUn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、多练习唱歌。在多听音乐的基础上，还要多练习唱歌，这样听唱结合，效果会更好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UqKUdy6SAosaQIxxzx9cgNLBnie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习的时候注意以下几点：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NuyadEmQko4OAex4H89cmSA9nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、可以找个固定音高的乐器，然后从单音节开始练习，比如唱“啊~”，然后再唱“啊~”的不同音阶，从低唱到高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S06AdEGoooYMqOx2fLNcRJEonif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、首先要慢唱，一个个摸音准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W6iadQQosoowAOxmaZVcrT5TnUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、可以经常唱给音准好的亲朋好友听，唱大家都熟悉的歌曲比如茉莉花，这样有没有跑调都能听出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MUiedcUOyouA4kx8zp8c6J8qn1d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":620,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音准","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4264a7cdd8d944f79c440347cf52a06f","width":932},"text":"","id":"B8sKdq8mKoAk2oxMX9cc0MUdnHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌音准视频课程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV15X4y1L7uk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV15X4y1L7uk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FEUWdi6iKoowwYxC665crpX9nlf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"节奏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqcidOA2ioqAa0xWUnec3AxanZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"节奏由节拍组成的，我们需要先了解节拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xs2YdiUscoq0AExqucKcwAemnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"节拍是衡量节奏的单位，在音乐中，有一定强弱分别的一系列拍子在每隔一定时间重复出现。如 2 / 4（四二拍） 、 4 / 4（四四拍） 、 3 / 4（四三拍） 拍等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4QudiYyeo4csuxmOc1cTXgrnuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单独一个音符不带任何东西的弹一拍，两个音符在一起下边有一条线的话，那么这两个音符弹一拍，一个就是半拍，四个音符在一起下边有两条线的话，那么这四个音符弹一拍，一个就是四分之一拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QQWKdCeOGoq8k4x2heNcuzxYnxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果音符右边带一个点，后边还有一个音，并且这两个音下边有一条线的话，那么带点的音弹四分之三拍，后边的音弹四分之一拍；如果音符右侧有一个点，下边没有线的话那就弹一拍半，它后边的音弹半拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F0EqdWQ6CoikYqxg38ycI1gInob"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"数字后面的横线一条代表这此音延长一拍，下面的横线一条表示此音在一拍的基础上缩小1/2拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TWIMd8oOEoYaGAxEZtNcmxXMnOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"数字上面的弧线，那个是表示连音，即在弧线下方的所有音符都要连起来弹，不可以断开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T0OgdsuOqom4kyxOgJrcvpqVnSd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":261,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"节奏","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f0747c60a7a645eebc51bed04b08e7a1","width":440},"text":"","id":"YOwode8YmoOyE2xyu1Hcqq5jnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上面是两只老虎简谱，其中红框的节拍，表明弹奏歌曲的节奏，即每一小节为四拍。绿框表示sol的因为长摁两拍。黄框表示一个节拍同时摁两个音，即和弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JOQWd0go2oWcamxqc5Rc7i4InFd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意听伴奏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xq4AdY0kio0EyixsRlhcrSwsnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果伴奏节奏性不明显的，就在心里数拍子，或用手脚打拍子。如果伴奏节奏性明显的，一般流行歌曲都很明显，就听重音，就是鼓点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GAMod2GQ0okIiuxIWulc77gdnGT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"快歌一般是 重轻 慢歌一般是 轻重(重就是咚咚咚的鼓点声)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LsmAdM4KQouImExmmNKcK4vwnBd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"不看字幕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIW0dAWk2oGWYgxnfQ5c0TwjnkT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"很多人跟伴奏时都有个很不好的习惯，不是听伴奏而是看字幕。这样只能使乐感越来越差，何况看到字幕走你再张嘴本身就已经晚了。所以我们唱歌时要先记住歌词，演唱时就不看字母，跟着伴奏寻找感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DQo6dEYsyoQ8iKx6zKZcxdI5npe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"边唱边打拍子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSQmdECcioUyg0xipG8c3T6nn15"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟练后再跟伴奏唱，注意唱时一定要匀速，如果发现慢了就唱快点在后面赶上，唱快了就慢些等到该唱的地方在唱，千万不能就一直快着或慢着下去，那会很难听的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AamMdY2AOooUMIxCwQJc7khgnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱的过程中如果听不懂各种乐器混合的伴奏，有个小窍门就是注意听鼓，也就是所谓的跟着鼓点唱。很多人把强弱拍弄反了，低音的大鼓往往在强拍上，而高音的军鼓往往在次强拍或弱拍上，要注意区分。还有个窍门就是先别急着自己唱，先开着原唱进行跟唱，这样会事半功倍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8yyd8oO2oI0MQx0co6cytaJn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌节奏视频课程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1YA411x7jG/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1YA411x7jG/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RWAsdCkKyoQWOMx4ZhqcOQZHnSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HKiqdY6MIoeSaYxejO5cXjTgn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、唱歌时要嘴巴张大，随便唱一个音，摸摸耳朵前面跟腮帮子接触的那块，有没有一个小小的凹陷的地方（牙关那儿），如果能按下去，摸到凹陷，那就说明你真正张开嘴了。保持唱每个音的时候这个位置都是凹陷的，会发现用气容易了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VqGYdCym2oEocgxaG4ycKW92nah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、要把笑肌提起来，也就是所谓的苹果肌那儿（鼻子两侧那块，微笑时候会上去的肌肉），稍微带点笑意（只是为了笑肌提起），也有助于发音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWSydGoeWoOOQKxofjVcmVwmnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、唱高音时，两颧骨要更积极开放，整个歌唱状态要更加积极向上，兴奋。随着音高向上，下颌需要松弛地向下，向两侧向后拉；小舌头提起如打哈欠似地吸住气，使喉咙更加打开，喉头不可随音高往上移动，而是相反，逐步下降，保持在吸气的状态，当然这个状态必须有气息的支持。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fq6gdmiC2oEGqcxWk77cNodWnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、平稳地“下低音”，必须要一边感受上下颚的震动，一边慢慢地一个音程一个音程地往下唱。而且 “下低音”的时候一直得维持气息。将手放在胸前，然后平稳的发出“嗯——”音，感受到震动了么，带着这种感觉就可以唱低音了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H22IdMwoSo2CoexADOQcr2Ekn5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、平时多练习肺活量，可以通过跑步、游泳等运动练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W4i8dAWkaokwgCxK2GPcQWDRnGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、嗓子要通透，不能有痰，所以唱歌前要清嗓子。高音可以仰身或是仰头来辅助发声，低音就可以弯腰或是俯身来唱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jy0AdUKO8oAy6gxMxYCcMpXGnmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌发声技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMoMdwKwuoA88mxAlFxcKgfPncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、要防止用过多和过猛的气息去冲击声带，这样会使得声音难听并且对声带会造成损伤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwoGdkCaCouI2sx6aaCcxxEInlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、要防止声带过于松垮，我们要积极用声带靠拢挡气。这样才会避免产生漏气而发出虚声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vo0WdMwwqo8A4Yx451Gc8nGJnW0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、不要去挤压喉头，要将喉头自然放下，上颚提起，下巴放松。这样才能很好的打开喉咙。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZGWId6mUMoGKsEx04BEcFIaUnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌发声技巧教程：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1eL411K7vj/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1eL411K7vj/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZqWsdKmeOog8QSxirAtcgz7XnPE"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HC86di4wyom82CxqNV0cjzUbncb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"教材推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bo4idiEw0oygcWxdlFscGJNcnLi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有学过乐理知识，想要自学唱歌，就需要购买一些教材，然后跟着教材系统的学习唱歌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I8cYdoYI6ouEQ2xSeYAcSP4znob"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《音乐理论基础》书中重点介绍了五线谱的乐理知识，全书共分十五章，包括音律、记谱法、调式、音程、和弦、节奏、节拍、音乐的速度与力量、转调、移调、装饰音和旋律的知识。同时还有简谱及工尺简介，常用音乐术语等。内容丰富，简明。适合广大专业和业余音乐工作者学习，参考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Umu2d4uOIo6osKxcBX2cdaUYnLh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"教材推荐","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cc9097dc3eb0448491269e9a9cb5a094","width":690},"text":"","id":"MS46d2uIkoM8asx0MCiczETLnbe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《流行演唱法》是 2010年5月1日","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"湖南文艺出版社","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"出版的一本图书。作者是尤静波。该书主要叙述了作者对于歌唱的发音风格、细节处理等方面的知识总结。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M68idmG6ao4qSsxELnScm42tnDb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":581,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"教材推荐","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7d306e20e87d45c7ba205133cb347372","width":989},"text":"","id":"GIYgdGCYaoSQSCxop0GcrcSVngh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《当代流行歌手声乐技能训练》这部教材将知识以及知识的分析讲解淋漓尽致，而且对举例的相关讲解也也是通俗易懂，是一部非常值得学习的教材。本书主要介绍当代歌曲风格的训练，包括歌唱准备、歌唱呼吸、四P原则、颤音、歌唱区与真实歌唱、声音保健、试听等相关知识点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEMsdcSWIoC2UcxwbpOcnG4anad"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":490,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"教材推荐","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e94fbe6ca58a429fb7a128cbd445fa51","width":791},"text":"","id":"SwIKdowEaogqKkxk7dWcKcHxnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络课程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUg8dYwg2osIKIxIHQZcmCx4nQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中音大佬196小时讲完的唱歌教程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CosOdm4Ikoi0Myx64nWctXhfnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV11S4y147nX/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV11S4y147nX/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeiEdMAMMoScsKxwCbkcCWsMnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱歌入门基础教程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUoWdYWc8oI6UIxVXbMcf44pnrs"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ba411u7tC/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ba411u7tC/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgsCdUCCqo6IsoxZmTzcgTQinGO"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

如何学国画？

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。

工具

首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。

笔

国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。

软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。

硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。

兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。

画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。

画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。

提示

笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。

笔架

笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。

调色盘

调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。

墨汁

中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。

以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。

推荐墨汁

墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。

1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。

2、北京一得阁墨汁，百年老字号，价格低廉，性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳，其特点为，墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点，美中不足的便是胶性比较大，易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。

3、红星墨汁，安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种，一种是红星墨液，另一种是玄宗墨液（国产），玄宗墨液（国产）跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度，玄宗墨液（国产）的黑度优于红星墨液，淡墨的层次，表现效果差，笔锋交叉处，呈现糊状。

4、雄狮墨汁，台湾品牌，代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁，黑度强劲，层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利，合成树脂胶（零下20℃凝结），四季适宜书画，宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用，是票友和专业人士的首选。

5、曹素功墨汁，国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。

颜料

矿物颜料

矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质，虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。

植物颜料

植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确，忌反复修改的原因。

化学颜料

化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。

特点及用途

赭石：矿物类，但其质较轻清，半透明，可单独使用，也可调和其他颜料后使用，是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中，常作为山石、树干主色，也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（调和后成为赭墨）或与其他色料调和，或混合使用，多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄，用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿，用于秋天石坡、土径。

朱膘：矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。

朱砂：矿物类，为天然汞化物，近代也有人工合成的朱砂，遮盖力强，一般是单独使用，且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花，亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上，所有矿物颜料，除胭脂外，一般都不宜与植物色相调和。

石青：矿物类，遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石，是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中，将石料研磨澄汰后，按其质地轻重，又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青，多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙，染山石时，一般要分几次逐步上足色彩，待第一遍干后再着第二遍，忌在未干时反复涂抹。

石绿：矿物类，遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重，颜色较深，山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿（如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿）结合使用，此时需用套色法（或用草绿打底，待干后罩石绿；或先用石绿平涂，待干后再染草绿）。

石黄：矿物类，在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。

金粉：矿物类，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金，系用金箔研成，前者色正偏暖，后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画，一般在勾线时方使用。

银粉：矿物类，用途与金粉类同。

白粉：矿物类或人工合成，有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等，铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用，但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。

花青：植物类或人工合成，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和，用途极为广泛，画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和，依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨，其色为墨绿（螺青）。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。

藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。

洋红：又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成，半透明，在花鸟画中，多单独或调和后，用于画花、红叶、蔬果，用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。

胭脂：植物类，为胭脂花制品，半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶，在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞，也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中，可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色，调入赭则成赭色胭脂。

大红：与曙红色彩相近，略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。

颜色调配方法

颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。

1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。

2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。

3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。

4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。

5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。

6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。

7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。

8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理

9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）

10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）

11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。

12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）

13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）

14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）

15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）

16、米黄色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）

17、桔黄色（藤黄＋朱磦）

18、墨青色（花青＋墨）

19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）

20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）

21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）

22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）

23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）

24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许翡翠绿）

25、褐色（赭石＋墨）

26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）

27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）

28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）

29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）

30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）

31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）

32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）

33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）

34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）

35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）

36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）

推荐颜料

目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。

初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。

宣纸

写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。

画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。

用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。

推荐用纸

与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。

徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。

在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。

生宣纸

熟宣纸

镇纸

作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。

镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体形象。

推荐镇纸

现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。

1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸

2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸

3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸

4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸

5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸

手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。

6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸

7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸

笔洗

笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。

笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。

初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。

毛毡

制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。

用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。

初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。

购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初学者来说就够了。

如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。

砚台

砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。

其他

纸胶带/水胶带：绷宣纸用的；

喷壶：绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用；

底纹笔/底纹刷：用来刷底色的大刷子，羊毫做的，要很软才行；

美工钉、盘子（调色用）。

国画技法

国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面，其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法）。

构思——又叫立意，即作画之前的形象思维过程。

构图——即六法中的“经营位置”，又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。

用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”，有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染，笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。

用墨——经历代画家发展有：焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色，运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨（即浓淡相生）等具体技法。

设色——白描：不设色，全用线条表现，或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩：以墨色为主调，敷以淡彩色。没骨：纯用色彩画，并不勾线。（纯用墨点染，不沟勒的亦叫没骨。）

收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾，使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。

笔墨

中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中，已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。

笔墨表现形式

有白描、工笔、写其细部，整个画面纯用墨色，有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部，整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描从线条的粗细可分三类：较粗的线条叫琴弦，较细的线条叫铁线，极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品，钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描，都突“写”字，使每一条线具有书法气韵。

工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。

工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。

写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。

勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。

粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。

粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。

没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。

泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。

界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。

设色

设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。

墨彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。

淡彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一体，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。

粉彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。

重彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。

线描

中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有独特的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。

用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以完美地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。

白描

中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更防止受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。

刘公华白描仕女图

皴法

国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。

石涛深山秋水图

皴法的种类

一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾头皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）破网皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。

墨法

古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。

用墨之法

一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。

积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。

破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。

用笔六要

一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。

二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。

三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。

四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。

五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。

六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。

国画笔法

讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。

国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。

中锋

中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。

侧锋

侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。

逆锋

逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。

露锋

于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。

藏锋

笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。

顺锋

运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。

扩展资料

所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。

国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物体外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。

讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。

讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究焦点透视，不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。

讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。

国画分科

国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。

国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒反复渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。

工笔

工笔画步骤

起稿

可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。

也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！

绷稿

要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟

所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。

1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。

2、然后，在绢的一头按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。

3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。

4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。

5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。

注意事项：

1、草稿：使用铅笔打草稿，纸张不要求。

2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。

3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。

4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。

勾线

勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。

中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。

侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。

勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。

着染

传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以体现山脉特有的肌理。

分染：是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。

罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。

背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。

复勾

有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。

刷胶矾水

为了防止熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。

1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。

胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。

矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，头天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。

2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。

3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。

装裱

古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，手卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。

第一步：观察字画

揣摩原作的气度，以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。

第二步：托裱画心

1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；

2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；

3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷，一手持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面；

4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；

5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。

第三步：镶条

1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；

2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；

3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。

第四步：覆背

在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。

第五步：装框

已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。

注意事项

一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的，浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料

推荐临摹书籍

人物

白描：《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。

工笔设色

《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等

《簪花仕女图》局部

《虢国夫人游春图》局部

花鸟

宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。

山水

山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。

写意

国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。

分类

写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。

欣赏写意画

画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。

古代写意画

现代写意画

绘画步骤

白菜、萝卜画法

①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。

②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。

③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。

④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。

牵牛花画法

①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。

②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。

③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。

④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。

花球画法

①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。

②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。

③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。

④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。

枇杷画法

①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。

②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。

③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。

④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。

玉兰画法

①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。

②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。

③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。

推荐临摹书籍

山水

董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。

花鸟

恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。

人物

梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。

学习步骤

临摹

临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。

临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。

临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。

临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。

结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。

写生

通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。

写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。

画外功

与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。

创作

初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。

创作阶段

第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。

第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。

第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。

学国画素材

花鸟素材

竹子

1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。

2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。

牡丹

1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。

2、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。

3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。

麻雀

1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。

2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。

小鸡

1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。

2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。

翠鸟

1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。

2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。

喜鹊

蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。

学国画的好处

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。

1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。

2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。

3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2835be11034495fae1fe60b3e76c7b8","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3863814cdde1446291ce42ffc8eb7ce2","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59581abd06c443d18d09168a9a340c4a","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a3107fb5c3e845fd993c3e06603c6c71","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef3ba7bc63e24e2f8189fd114b4d138f","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/98b72d2a263e4361a73ef55d166b1074","width":335},"text":"","id":"RSGedeCGwoK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或胭脂调和后为紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOodkQqgoI0y2xA7ybcGu09nri"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洋红：又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成，半透明，在花鸟画中，多单独或调和后，用于画花、红叶、蔬果，用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEYmdSmecoqa0OxC4uFcNBIHnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胭脂：植物类，为胭脂花制品，半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶，在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞，也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中，可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色，调入赭则成赭色胭脂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqamdsEyUoy0EExeyTdciiMdnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大红：与曙红色彩相近，略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EUekd2Cy0oSWikxQIsncubArn8P"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黄色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黄色（藤黄＋朱磦）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色（花青＋墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许翡翠绿）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色（赭石＋墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8QudCUQsoMoGSxKOlAcEwGXnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DG4qdQcC2o2eQKx8ZCTcDtAOnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","tex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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58b0413255e74db59bf3ed63143c7438","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/115d55b1a6bb4521b5af5ebb129bebb2","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d2ce8dde6af3487a953f0a6542e64370","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3898031dcf8446399da064c514675fa6","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ca2837c87018486685a698d6823191ba","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4f0839fae6dd4ce2a375926a29fd934f","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d9c6d111e4de4945bbe016258e12df39","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0642e0f4a4af4f4b8d81648af5cf94c7","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":940,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a84b2df0e4f4d55b14a0e8451163d72","width":988},"text":"","id":"OEWodKWemoYESQx4NjYclI5UnEh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d0a889707fb6415988fd6155d59243cf","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/29701de0108447998df19a28ae2100ea","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一体，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f33d3365ce6644598ccb9bf52f57828c","width":640},"text":"","id":"Q0eadwC88oomeQxCOuDc2LZgnEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIgidM648okMeqxKgQZcClkBnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EE88dWiWgo8EEaxuUircxgkQnT8"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":964,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/74fd77129f39440ead70a9ad05d1f586","width":1896},"text":"","id":"BQcydYKCaoUEi2x487ychtnknvb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2w4diuQWoGgskx67jScG3jqnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/774c12563ebd4981b558e7310a973c15","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxAVNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有独特的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以完美地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b5140bd2ed734a3fbb301078cede19e9","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更防止受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1061,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bdcd447205e843bb9b6f2511dcce571a","width":765},"text":"","id":"WCs8d2W2IoUc8qxCggsc7W5Onid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9f310acccea44f81baef159d3dd4a5b1","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾头皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）破网皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e3f378b657c74c179d22b50b81ef16a4","width":720},"text":"","id":"QUgSdqommoQy2KxkXe1cUPp7nTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkoadosWaosIk0xG5BKcKD3dnob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J28adcUQso26ACxmgescrkcDn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8IOd8qQ0o4okYxOqewcHqtfnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":667,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0530ef6d84784db998ffb0dc4cad3b91","width":720},"text":"","id":"Sm66dA0WwoEcaWxmCJLcGF76n11"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88kduUUUoUYyaxmGnwcPFaanCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwqcdEwO8o4uq6xUpaWc7S98nXc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/738e4980c7cb4244bfac988787c2e731","width":720},"text":"","id":"EmU8do20co6EEyxiOeRcoKTVnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMIydG0GUoGAy4xWAobcHFJ0nWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqGwdYyEMoOqeixQrakcD6uAnae"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8955791b0dec48d6b1bf0630c0ccfbe1","width":720},"text":"","id":"X4q6dykcWoOYOkxchR2cbn68ngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4EUdIacuoii4QxGKk4c3c5Mnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKmEdEAAook4KUxcV12cT3aNnyb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":670,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d0854bf98a46447192e5767898ed3cd8","width":720},"text":"","id":"A6gqdkSKEoSWOYx2gWEceI8lnLG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeWqd8GIyo2m6GxIHwpc7vGInle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gi0ydSwe2ooyuyxc1zScvHdqn8Y"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b0757e58c80417da61d92998fdb7581","width":720},"text":"","id":"NAeOdscsqo4SO8x2g7xc8ob9nnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOMQdEwAKoqgEqx2V4BcBgOXnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pko4dMokWoO4WCxS45gcMY9mnpg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bc3d7e3175284e55b5e2d2d601487027","width":720},"text":"","id":"DIwWdcieioU86Ox4tPtcb1YWnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"扩展资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQo8dUAmgo02AsxUDPlcROWynGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YkucdS6qUoqKOyxuwB5c6tGGnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物体外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa0QdooUQoyEwMxeAgvcbRicnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gg6EdM6kEogoMQxCRk3ciyysntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究焦点透视，不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU4YdYMCIoQa4sx0c4ocpZoCnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JYYEd6082o4GW8x4uK0cmVODnac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画分科","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeuUd4momoUeoExGOA3c3COsn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Laq0dqaaqoIYEAxAZX9cyXQFnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒反复渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ye2WdaUC8ocwCMxUbkecu2EMnsb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQkedcOaeo8wOgxMHXlcvaoqnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK62dmyuwoQgasxk5kPcde9Znad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b6bd1279e9344daab10a38889452667b","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed8524b7f5174620a5ec5dff708e2e67","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后，在绢的一头按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e5f69c6f2d64eebad3334aa7d682bc3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a37eeae6d8949429dbc7bda30989487","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fd877035978a4722a8c55010da53836a","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/beca307d63cc42b28eb9b63217418787","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿：使用铅笔打草稿，纸张不要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKda4uKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkcWdsME4ooGQoxkhnJcBxRKnTc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e3de31546cc84a7f9b8a9fe1e9e702d9","width":448},"text":"","id":"MqUwdgUooogeY2xGyEacXyeBnSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":235,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b64b8a1d967043dab9d4616bf9c94b87","width":444},"text":"","id":"BqUadgGQuo6Q2UxqmSkcI66lnib"}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"着染","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以体现山脉特有的肌理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bmy2dAAMWoMa4kxQhtrc4CQLn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分染：是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4sGdKoYMoOkCOxSqtqcq6mcnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SukOdgkA8o6KOmxEJMzcqTSpntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qk6QdYOAeoW4CuxmgdWc6DfGnCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YAwmdMKugoE6yCxIdlBcKnUnn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoyIdcoSGoYYauxSulRcPdvInne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"刷胶矾水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWGcd6ismoQyMex0gabc60O9nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了防止熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyQQdO68goQMoCxsdhvcJBTBnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PE8MdSAAOoK6ekxSE2gcz6rCnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAu0dMGeso6Ckcxcxj9cnKGen6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，头天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O62GdCmywoWscoxKAwQczRPanjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aacd69d51d084f7a882e4d5dc4886e8b","width":726},"text":"","id":"YsWAdsiumoQ8Kwxu6qPchPYtnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6oOdAy8MocwS6xMxAacSfq7nid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":471,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d0631656e51d4fde8c0077b8f54dab6b","width":675},"text":"","id":"VW8mdaeK6ok6uaxu8X8c21vDnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8OdSAKGoy0qmx8j74cjzpRnEq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f58798bb33634f869e3b4616c718428e","width":594},"text":"","id":"WsKmd4AY2owcYux4IzOcnJTInSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装裱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REk8dwSamo8MQ2xvTkyc00aBnfZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，手卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IEOOdkmiUoyUSixUnWEc61sZnwo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步：观察字画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QowedGGayoIcASxwGqsc3PbAn9x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"揣摩原作的气度，以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUCOdGE8ioowuSxM5VqcK7P9nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步：托裱画心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8gcdYAmmoQsMixKYzicaxbNn4x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0smdKGyoowwigxOIi6cnviKnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOEWdCqskosee0xSLwkchJoNneR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷，一手持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyWMdK6kmo6CAwxKIWgcWakon0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J6owdCG2kowCKaxU7kucSgaennf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TqAGdyKYmo00AOx8Xlcc4vdMnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三步：镶条","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MymEdGc0oowWuyx0yadcWIV7nDO"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LII2d0SWcoCkSIxia0HccWXKnCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEkkdOOkgooMiKxcHRFcsOysnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VC68dgwouoouiMx6pYScz9VanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步：覆背","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Is4Md648gouM0Wx8Xjbck4qfnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O642dyGuAoSogKxY1wacH1AcnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步：装框","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0QqdyeSwoGYgOxOglZcyn2Cnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeWqdo0m0oCWUaxEZiXcpkvGnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUcqdgmWKoAMQYxwRGZczajDnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的，浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeEQdYWUmo0ieixE3kLcTuRcnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiiAdmQgmoywO2xWcWmc2ufMnum"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ywm6doEayok8IixKmF0cS5EFnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描：《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCwsdYOquoWEm2xUvkWcraCwngb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2be6339db97a408ca02c1860374e91bb","width":720},"text":"","id":"AkgOdq2qQosC0ixUviQcvNXCnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUw8degeooSi6MxM5LvcDg6En0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOMSdkKSSoSEkgxgRcTcvqkbnxg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":983,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ec327038749e4ff693b442efe58c3819","width":720},"text":"","id":"C86wdUSGWo4Eu8xEeo0cdJzZnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6918ba1c54245b1a463e5811f206e3a","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62e09ea3b4e44ddfbe8a762c502dcb8e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/942b3e5b2f244def91af4279fa63efdf","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b1275050abbc4f63b294ef674d52d8d3","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"ur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点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a773ed1b01b946b6962a076ca8830519","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7650cec8816b41fb95f595e7573fcf04","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/be35c64a97374bf0b1264b9a229bc632","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ef527efbe4f4c499eb2f13561c519e6","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Lq4mdCyo8oGwIaxS6gqcdMT9nMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIOmdMqIcocEsexSKCOcdI9xngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2I0dkmwQoWsm0xKGDPc5G1jnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIqidk426oSgqOxmu1ZcRUISnNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":712,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d030e3ee0aba44dc8d6e41a6bb7cd1ff","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Gk2gdAmOCo2AusxeMeScyMydnfd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUEodSkwooikgmxMTHIcEdPbnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmqUdKKCoosmuGxeCrAcRzrEnKf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":708,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f9430f47d2a94d2d976963b6489cb331","width":1080},"text":"","id":"MCQAdiAGkoCaW2x4cgocIQXTnJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画的好处","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HayQdu4C0owiG0xEtsdcBuDInze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BokYdq0MKoOEsWxOwt0ctoSBnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NO6gdacGWoiKwOxQXGvcTlf8nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcgEd0wqeomo46xixDcceYKInv1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0Gkde2MuoqUIUxOaqscKFPrnEc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

水泥外墙渗水怎么办？

通常情况下，我们的水泥外墙出现防水层损坏、水泥砂浆空鼓、墙体缝隙三种情况会导致渗水情况，那么遇到这种情况改怎么处理呢？我们一起往下看看吧！

防水层损坏

若外墙渗水是因为防水层出现了损坏导致的，并且渗水面积比较小的话，则应该先将渗水位置铲除平整，然后在渗水位置重新涂抹一层防水材料，防水材料施工合格且干燥以后，还需要在墙面上涂刷一层水泥砂浆或者是铺贴新的瓷砖。

水泥砂浆空鼓

若外墙渗水是因为水泥砂浆层出现了空鼓现象导致的，则应该将水泥砂浆层铲除干净，再使用聚合物水泥砂浆进行修补。

墙体缝隙

若外墙渗水是因为墙体出现较宽缝隙导致的，则应该使用无机防水堵漏材料进行堵漏和填平。相反假如缝隙比较窄的话，应该使用聚氨酯防水涂料进行涂刷和填充，实现堵漏目的。

注意：外墙渗水原因和位置不同的话，采取的解决办法也会不一样，大家在选择解决办法之前，一定要先把外墙渗水的原因和具体位置找出来。若自己不会处理，则应该请专业人士帮忙。发现外墙渗水的时候，一定要及时进行处理，千万不要选择错误了。

注意事项

1、对外墙进行防水施工的时候，一定要确定清楚室外的天气温度是多少，一般情况下吗，室外的天气温度最好不要超过三十五度或者是低于十度，若是低于十度的话，则不适合进行外墙防水施工，应该等天气暖和一点了再施工，若强行施工的话，则会导致防水层被冻住，影响到防水效果，降低使用寿命。

2、为了确保外墙防水的施工效果，建议大家最好是在春天或者是秋天的时候进行防水施工，这样室外天气温度就不会太高或者是太低。此外，施工之前，一定要提前根据正确的比例将防水材料搅拌好，并且一定要搅拌均匀。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常情况下，我们的水泥外墙出现防水层损坏、水泥砂浆空鼓、墙体缝隙三种情况会导致渗水情况，那么遇到这种情况改怎么处理呢？我们一起往下看看吧！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dg24d8S4YoGakOx4YIfc2ExenLb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TOIqdS6euos4kixsdbPcqwTZn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若外墙渗水是因为防水层出现了损坏导致的，并且渗水面积比较小的话，则应该先将渗水位置铲除平整，然后在渗水位置重新涂抹一层防水材料，防水材料施工合格且干燥以后，还需要在墙面上涂刷一层水泥砂浆或者是铺贴新的瓷砖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A0kudyoaqoqyoIxm6OzcoreNnrf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":458,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层损坏","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b2414a051afd4524837ca4cda8f33111","width":573},"text":"","id":"UgoSd46KUoGACaxWU1FctSXAnp2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水泥砂浆空鼓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaAGdKyeEo6Mogx6t3wcwAVFn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若外墙渗水是因为水泥砂浆层出现了空鼓现象导致的，则应该将水泥砂浆层铲除干净，再使用聚合物水泥砂浆进行修补。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TcgYd8G46oSe8Wx6E00cPJiLnVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":500,"height":371,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水泥砂浆空鼓","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3d1f53e8e7d541d98204bba630d6943a"},"text":"","id":"AS8qd2KQgow8Scx2HZscffuGnVc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgCWdSw0kosggGx2RYlc6l5nnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若外墙渗水是因为墙体出现较宽缝隙导致的，则应该使用无机防水堵漏材料进行堵漏和填平。相反假如缝隙比较窄的话，应该使用聚氨酯防水涂料进行涂刷和填充，实现堵漏目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UoWAd6sEeoiKWUx8JgFcWHYCndd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":701,"height":495,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b4e2941dbc144239492314054f877f7"},"text":"","id":"HyGSdOWImoGIkuxsoBpc234snG1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"外墙渗水原因和位置不同的话，采取的解决办法也会不一样，大家在选择解决办法之前，一定要先把外墙渗水的原因和具体位置找出来。若自己不会处理，则应该请专业人士帮忙。发现外墙渗水的时候，一定要及时进行处理，千万不要选择错误了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SsKsdCsiAocmCOxQJSGcWi5cn8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":500,"height":382,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/421134025e73440fb0289369c2c40bbf"},"text":"","id":"HoUOdm4IaoQy8ExoNmycOyo8nIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW2Ad6QWGoaYyaxKeJbcCDb2nIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对外墙进行防水施工的时候，一定要确定清楚室外的天气温度是多少，一般情况下吗，室外的天气温度最好不要超过三十五度或者是低于十度，若是低于十度的话，则不适合进行外墙防水施工，应该等天气暖和一点了再施工，若强行施工的话，则会导致防水层被冻住，影响到防水效果，降低使用寿命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pc4QdeuO6o4OUCxaQlHcwX1mnUg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":500,"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f45a3acfb3c64917b08ced38b0b58b5e"},"text":"","id":"Q0cSdYKgKoI2EGxaWe6cHL3inNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、为了确保外墙防水的施工效果，建议大家最好是在春天或者是秋天的时候进行防水施工，这样室外天气温度就不会太高或者是太低。此外，施工之前，一定要提前根据正确的比例将防水材料搅拌好，并且一定要搅拌均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FGkOdece6oE48Cxyze1c5yR6nfb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":500,"height":385,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9e53f0b9c4254fd49b1d2cd55ed52f90"},"text":"","id":"SQwmdquuKoOSsmxMdQ6cvOXKnMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L2QCdEqMcoayoUxiEHicQORSnEh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

怎么做手账？

手账，意思是指用于记事的本子。是当下比较流行的备忘录的一种方式，手帐不仅能提醒自己记着家人、朋友的生日和约会，还能安排每天的工作，很多人把它当做简短的日记本。

如何准备工具

1、贴纸、手账胶带。这是手账中最基本，也最受爱好者们喜爱的。贴纸、贴纸胶带，既好看又实用，特别适合不太会画画的小伙伴们。

贴纸，手账胶带：在做手账过程中，可以顺着本子边缘贴，也可以重叠贴，还可以裁剪一下贴在写字的位置上，使整体排版布局变得更加好看，根据自己的喜好来使用即可。

2、油漆笔、蜡笔。油漆笔有软头、硬头之分，十分适合作画，特别是金色和银色油漆笔，颇受爱好者的喜爱。而蜡笔不论是填色还是画画都很好。各自别具特点，也都是手账常备。

油漆笔，蜡笔：在手账中做一些简单的绘画。

3、透明印章、亚克力板、印泥。同样，手账最重要的一部分就是图案。透明印章以其柔软的质地，便于爱好者们收藏和携带。比普通木制印章更方便，同时也提供了一套完美的小图案。

透明印章，印泥：使用透明印章，或者亚克力板蘸取一些印泥，就可以印到笔记本上面啦。

4、手工剪刀、胶棒。如果平时在废弃杂志或者书中看到好看的小图案，不妨将它剪下来，最后用胶棒，粘上笔记本上。又是不一样的贴纸呢。

5、空白页或格子页手账本，选择一个质量较好且好看的方格或空白页笔记本吧。

6、表情小印、猫爪钉孔机。小表情有笑脸有哭脸，各种表情，可以记录每日小心情。猫爪钉孔机呢，还用很多别的样式，也为你的手账增添光彩。

手账类型

日常手帐

这类型手帐通常是最普遍的，顾名思义就是记录日常生活以及心情的手帐，有些小伙伴喜欢记录生活小确幸福，也有一些喜欢把吐槽都写进去。

效率手帐

与记录不同的是，效率手帐往往是规划与记录、总结相结合。比如你可以在每天早上花点时间，把今天的代办事宜都一一列举出来，以免自己忘记，晚上总结是否都完成，过程中是否有阻力，完成情况如何。

读书手帐

在这个时代，书是如此触手可及，从纸质到电子，阅读的方便程度是如此之高。然而方便也就意味着信息量的爆炸，这个时候何不拿出一本本子，以传统的方式来加深记忆或者抒发情感呢。

观影手帐

每个人都有自己的爱好，电影是一个非常大众的爱好，也是一门感官体验的艺术，一句台词，一个镜头值得记录，也带着回忆。

旅行手帐

旅行手帐是圈内一个很重要的类别，带着手帐去旅行一直都是热门话题，贴个地图，拍个风景，大餐。这样一来，美好的旅程就被记录了下来。

美食手帐

这是一个吃吃吃的年代，连奶茶都有800个花样，无论是动手自己画，还是拍照贴在手帐本里，都是让人幸福的事。

拼贴手帐

就是以各种素材，包括但不限于杂志，贴纸，胶带，照片等，拼贴在一起的作品。可能有人会问，手帐不写字还叫手帐么，我认为记录不一定要靠文字的，拼贴也展现了你当下的心情与状态。并且在服装设计，艺术设计领域里，以拼贴为呈现设计灵感的方式也很常见。

博物手帐

博物手帐有点类似于图鉴，比如植物图鉴，服装图鉴，家具图鉴等一系列以知识为载体的手帐，往往需要手绘或者照片穿插在其中。

介绍了这么多，大家快行动起来，一起做手帐呀！

如何制作

选择风格

每个人喜好的风格都是不同的，以下就是比较常见的一些风格，供大家参考。

填充内容

文字排版

1、垂直水平法和斜切一半法

2、布置对角线的对称排版法

3、简约排版法：列点表达内容，一点法、两点法、三点法

微手绘

分割线

方法一

1、首先在手账本上画出几个文本框。

2、然后拿出手账胶带，选择喜欢的图案粘贴起来。

3、接着用荧光笔画出文本线。

4、最后用勾线笔描上虚线更立体哦。

5、排版完成了。

方法二

1、可以用app制作手账，那么想要用什么软件就根据自己搜索出来的喜好来进行选择就可以啦。

2、选择好自己喜欢的app，那么我们就可以开始制作啦。

例如：Mori手账的操作流程，每个app其实操作流程都会差不多，就看个人喜好进行操作就可以了。

3、点击做手账。

4、点击背景。

5、各种背景挑选。

6、点击贴纸，可挑选喜欢的。

7、这里还可以任意选择模板。

8、点击画笔有很多可爱的款式。

这样就可以在手机上去做自己喜欢的手账啦，随时随地都很方便，软件有很多款，根据自己喜欢的去选择就可以了！

推荐学习方法

1、可以从抖音参考制作的方法，有很多的种类，总有一款是自己所喜欢的哦。

2、西瓜视频也会有更加具体的制作教程和分享。

3、也可以和喜欢做手账的朋友们积极交流，互相学习！

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"手账，意思是指用","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"于记事的本子。是当下比较流行的备忘录的一种方式，手帐不仅能提醒自己记着家人、朋友的生日和约会，还能安排每天的工作，很多人把它当做简短的日记本。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6qgoA2MUoEUa8Rq5Sxp2Sc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkvjBFL590q5ORQuTH41xxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、贴纸、手账胶带。这是手账中最基本，也最受爱好者们喜爱的。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"贴纸、贴纸胶带，既好看又实用，特别适合不太会画画的小伙伴们。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAEkoUiKe6GKumU4EhMSBzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贴纸，手账胶带：在做手账过程中，可以顺着本子边缘贴，也可以重叠贴，还可以裁剪一下贴在写字的位置上，使整体排版布局变得更加好看，根据自己的喜好来使用即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WAGiUQwKMsUG2TyZTdmKc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":566,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e24f23675271432d9b1124f067acb849","width":1097},"text":"","id":"doxcnGesY0Ki4wGIYuCrx5Qckuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、油漆笔、蜡笔。油漆笔有软头、硬头之分","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"十分适合作画，特别是金色和银色油漆笔，颇受爱好者的喜爱。而蜡笔不论是填色还是画画都很好","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"各自别具特点","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"也","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"都","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"是手账常备。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkoqM2QMoayM4enQ0zYyOw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆笔，蜡笔：在手账中做一些简单的绘画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU44M6MS6KS60gN3j5uxRmc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/af283e56753c421cb620e1146c30f820","width":1082},"text":"","id":"doxcnukiIuAQiEiqmIjyuBWsFOh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":349,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5bcf64fdafa148c5b5d38cf6b755d005","width":632},"text":"","id":"doxcn4gYaIMIekGI0wnxcJdaY9c"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAwU2cuqi2AyQ3GKT9wsoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、透明印章、亚克力板、印泥。同样，手账最重要的一部分就是图案。透明印章以其柔软的质地，便于爱好者们收藏和携带。比普通木制印章更方便，同时也提供了一套完美的小图案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAwU2cuqi2AyQ3GKT9wsoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透明印章，印泥：使用透明印章，或者亚克力板蘸取一些印泥，就可以印到笔记本上面啦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqCaUQgGU6O6A6PRVnCghFc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":684,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c20fb102fe4a42909272e5a7dd83bf7e","width":1130},"text":"","id":"doxcnq2GaYy00iEcWK643KK8oxd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":685,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a12424f2151348e0a8ddac4ca58dd776","width":1092},"text":"","id":"doxcn6Mi0WWK4Y4GYg2C0dT9R6H"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEEeUIYgIoYeiE9BSjiCmBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、手工剪刀、胶棒。如果平时在废弃杂志或者书中看到好看的小图案，不妨将它剪下来，最后用胶棒，粘上笔记本上。又是不一样的贴纸呢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEEeUIYgIoYeiE9BSjiCmBh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":663,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3694b434e0394557a2ba06aa829f5e36","width":1078},"text":"","id":"doxcnGWmmmwQEcSGOqs1ZDFWEff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、空白页或格子页手账本，选择一个质量较好且好看的方格或空白页笔记本吧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuGkGUIsMoEGAU9VakrSZlg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":459,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2466ce14140341fc98a8ecc2ca254dec","width":721},"text":"","id":"doxcnOIGikYaaQUKcycjxcM9dmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、表情小印、猫爪钉孔机。小表情有笑脸有哭脸，各种表情，可以记录每日小心情。猫爪钉孔机呢，还用很多别的样式，也为你的手账增添光彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIG8iYE4wu6ImqNRJTHALsb"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":673,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8fe50b27705a4eaea7e56ebbd4dfdd6d","width":1088},"text":"","id":"doxcns4Ocy4s4wE8uSEGQJu4EAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":414,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何准备工具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e43225f4257e4f5183734cd13e314760","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcngM0WMKK6sWWguMjXcpTrUb"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaOAy6m0gKcw0yOHQIsmMlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"手账类型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaOAy6m0gKcw0yOHQIsmMlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"日常手帐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwSCyWeWM22Kk3oEnnMb4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这类型手帐通常是最普遍的，顾名思义就是记录日常生活以及心情的手帐，有些小伙伴喜欢记录生活小确幸福，也有一些喜欢把吐槽都写进去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWKkYEE8Uc2EWobxcacHBid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":442,"note":[{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水泥外墙渗水怎么办？

通常情况下，我们的水泥外墙出现防水层损坏、水泥砂浆空鼓、墙体缝隙三种情况会导致渗水情况，那么遇到这种情况改怎么处理呢？我们一起往下看看吧！

防水层损坏

若外墙渗水是因为防水层出现了损坏导致的，并且渗水面积比较小的话，则应该先将渗水位置铲除平整，然后在渗水位置重新涂抹一层防水材料，防水材料施工合格且干燥以后，还需要在墙面上涂刷一层水泥砂浆或者是铺贴新的瓷砖。

水泥砂浆空鼓

若外墙渗水是因为水泥砂浆层出现了空鼓现象导致的，则应该将水泥砂浆层铲除干净，再使用聚合物水泥砂浆进行修补。

墙体缝隙

若外墙渗水是因为墙体出现较宽缝隙导致的，则应该使用无机防水堵漏材料进行堵漏和填平。相反假如缝隙比较窄的话，应该使用聚氨酯防水涂料进行涂刷和填充，实现堵漏目的。

注意：外墙渗水原因和位置不同的话，采取的解决办法也会不一样，大家在选择解决办法之前，一定要先把外墙渗水的原因和具体位置找出来。若自己不会处理，则应该请专业人士帮忙。发现外墙渗水的时候，一定要及时进行处理，千万不要选择错误了。

注意事项

1、对外墙进行防水施工的时候，一定要确定清楚室外的天气温度是多少，一般情况下吗，室外的天气温度最好不要超过三十五度或者是低于十度，若是低于十度的话，则不适合进行外墙防水施工，应该等天气暖和一点了再施工，若强行施工的话，则会导致防水层被冻住，影响到防水效果，降低使用寿命。

2、为了确保外墙防水的施工效果，建议大家最好是在春天或者是秋天的时候进行防水施工，这样室外天气温度就不会太高或者是太低。此外，施工之前，一定要提前根据正确的比例将防水材料搅拌好，并且一定要搅拌均匀。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常情况下，我们的水泥外墙出现防水层损坏、水泥砂浆空鼓、墙体缝隙三种情况会导致渗水情况，那么遇到这种情况改怎么处理呢？我们一起往下看看吧！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dg24d8S4YoGakOx4YIfc2ExenLb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层损坏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TOIqdS6euos4kixsdbPcqwTZn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若外墙渗水是因为防水层出现了损坏导致的，并且渗水面积比较小的话，则应该先将渗水位置铲除平整，然后在渗水位置重新涂抹一层防水材料，防水材料施工合格且干燥以后，还需要在墙面上涂刷一层水泥砂浆或者是铺贴新的瓷砖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A0kudyoaqoqyoIxm6OzcoreNnrf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":573,"height":458,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层损坏","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/37e9837f491d4812932ba9db5fb085c3"},"text":"","id":"UgoSd46KUoGACaxWU1FctSXAnp2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水泥砂浆空鼓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaAGdKyeEo6Mogx6t3wcwAVFn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若外墙渗水是因为水泥砂浆层出现了空鼓现象导致的，则应该将水泥砂浆层铲除干净，再使用聚合物水泥砂浆进行修补。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TcgYd8G46oSe8Wx6E00cPJiLnVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":371,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水泥砂浆空鼓","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4fa5d8f889c248b3ba48a0255e634467","width":500},"text":"","id":"AS8qd2KQgow8Scx2HZscffuGnVc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgCWdSw0kosggGx2RYlc6l5nnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若外墙渗水是因为墙体出现较宽缝隙导致的，则应该使用无机防水堵漏材料进行堵漏和填平。相反假如缝隙比较窄的话，应该使用聚氨酯防水涂料进行涂刷和填充，实现堵漏目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UoWAd6sEeoiKWUx8JgFcWHYCndd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":701,"height":495,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b9ef727fda2d4d18895002cb8bb126e4"},"text":"","id":"HyGSdOWImoGIkuxsoBpc234snG1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意：","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"外墙渗水原因和位置不同的话，采取的解决办法也会不一样，大家在选择解决办法之前，一定要先把外墙渗水的原因和具体位置找出来。若自己不会处理，则应该请专业人士帮忙。发现外墙渗水的时候，一定要及时进行处理，千万不要选择错误了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SsKsdCsiAocmCOxQJSGcWi5cn8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":500,"height":382,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2e86a655cbaf4c41943feaae13288278"},"text":"","id":"HoUOdm4IaoQy8ExoNmycOyo8nIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW2Ad6QWGoaYyaxKeJbcCDb2nIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对外墙进行防水施工的时候，一定要确定清楚室外的天气温度是多少，一般情况下吗，室外的天气温度最好不要超过三十五度或者是低于十度，若是低于十度的话，则不适合进行外墙防水施工，应该等天气暖和一点了再施工，若强行施工的话，则会导致防水层被冻住，影响到防水效果，降低使用寿命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pc4QdeuO6o4OUCxaQlHcwX1mnUg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cef9ea649f0f4af5a749bb50390031a9","width":500,"height":335},"text":"","id":"Q0cSdYKgKoI2EGxaWe6cHL3inNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、为了确保外墙防水的施工效果，建议大家最好是在春天或者是秋天的时候进行防水施工，这样室外天气温度就不会太高或者是太低。此外，施工之前，一定要提前根据正确的比例将防水材料搅拌好，并且一定要搅拌均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FGkOdece6oE48Cxyze1c5yR6nfb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"width":500,"height":385,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙体缝隙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/106bf9b64cbd45eabec6ce1d834cd2c6"},"text":"","id":"SQwmdquuKoOSsmxMdQ6cvOXKnMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L2QCdEqMcoayoUxiEHicQORSnEh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E